Business Planning Manual By Jorge Cuyugan Alexander

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Business Model Canvas is a strategic management and lean startup template for developing new or documenting existing business models.^[1][2] It is a visual chart with elements describing a firm's or product's value proposition, infrastructure, customers, and finances.^[3] It assists firms in aligning their activities by illustrating potential trade-offs.

Your Marketing Strategy Should Be Original. A Strategic Marketing Session Will Help You Set Strategic Goals And Align Your Sales And Marketing Processes. This is a long-term strategic planning tool, so goal time frames are typically about three to five years. From there, stakeholders will create action plans for each goal and begin tracking and measuring progress. You want your department to be able to see their goals and the steps to achieve them. Use a Department Business Plan Dashboard 14.

The Business Model Canvas was initially proposed by Alexander Osterwalder^[4] based on his earlier work on business model ontology.^[5] Since the release of Osterwalder's work around 2008,^[6] new canvases for specific niches have appeared.

Description[edit]

Formal descriptions of the business become the building blocks for its activities. Many different business conceptualizations exist; Osterwalder's 2010 book^[3] and 2004 thesis^[5] propose a single reference model based on the similarities of a wide range of business model conceptualizations. With his business model design template, an enterprise can easily describe its business model. Osterwalder's canvas has nine boxes; the name of each is given in bold below.

• Infrastructure
  • Key Activities: The most important activities in executing a company's value proposition. An example for Bic, the pen manufacturer, would be creating an efficient supply chain to drive down costs.
  • Key Resources: The resources that are necessary to create value for the customer. They are considered assets to a company that are needed to sustain and support the business. These resources could be human, financial, physical and intellectual.
  • Partner Network: In order to optimize operations and reduce risks of a business model, organizations usually cultivate buyer-supplier relationships so they can focus on their core activity. Complementary business alliances also can be considered through joint ventures or strategic alliances between competitors or non-competitors.
• Offering
  • Value Propositions: The collection of products and services a business offers to meet the needs of its customers. According to Osterwalder (2004), a company's value proposition is what distinguishes it from its competitors. The value proposition provides value through various elements such as newness, performance, customization, 'getting the job done', design, brand/status, price, cost reduction, risk reduction, accessibility, and convenience/usability.
    • The value propositions may be:
      • Quantitative – price and efficiency
      • Qualitative – overall customer experience and outcome
• Customers
  • Customer Segments: To build an effective business model, a company must identify which customers it tries to serve. Various sets of customers can be segmented based on their different needs and attributes to ensure appropriate implementation of corporate strategy to meet the characteristics of selected groups of clients. The different types of customer segments include:
    • Mass Market: There is no specific segmentation for a company that follows the Mass Market element as the organization displays a wide view of potential clients. e.g. Car
    • Niche Market: Customer segmentation based on specialized needs and characteristics of its clients. e.g. Rolex
    • Segmented: A company applies additional segmentation within existing customer segment. In the segmented situation, the business may further distinguish its clients based on gender, age, and/or income.
    • Diversify: A business serves multiple customer segments with different needs and characteristics.
    • Multi-Sided Platform / Market: For a smooth day-to-day business operation, some companies will serve mutually dependent customer segments. A credit card company will provide services to credit card holders while simultaneously assisting merchants who accept those credit cards.
  • Channels: A company can deliver its value proposition to its targeted customers through different channels. Effective channels will distribute a company's value proposition in ways that are fast, efficient and cost-effective. An organization can reach its clients through its own channels (store front), partner channels (major distributors), or a combination of both.
  • Customer Relationships: To ensure the survival and success of any businesses, companies must identify the type of relationship they want to create with their customer segments. Various forms of customer relationships include:
    • Personal Assistance: Assistance in a form of employee-customer interaction. Such assistance is performed during sales and/or after sales.
    • Dedicated Personal Assistance: The most intimate and hands-on personal assistance in which a sales representative is assigned to handle all the needs and questions of a special set of clients.
    • Self Service: The type of relationship that translates from the indirect interaction between the company and the clients. Here, an organization provides the tools needed for the customers to serve themselves easily and effectively.
    • Automated Services: A system similar to self-service but more personalized as it has the ability to identify individual customers and their preferences. An example of this would be Amazon.com making book suggestions based on the characteristics of previous book purchases.
    • Communities: Creating a community allows for direct interactions among different clients and the company. The community platform produces a scenario where knowledge can be shared and problems are solved between different clients.
    • Co-creation: A personal relationship is created through the customer's direct input to the final outcome of the company's products/services.
• Finances
  • Cost Structure: This describes the most important monetary consequences while operating under different business models. A company's DOC.
    • Classes of Business Structures:
      • Cost-Driven – This business model focuses on minimizing all costs and having no frills. e.g. Low-cost airlines
      • Value-Driven – Less concerned with cost, this business model focuses on creating value for products and services. e.g. Louis Vuitton, Rolex
    • Characteristics of Cost Structures:
      • Fixed Costs – Costs are unchanged across different applications. e.g. salary, rent
      • Variable Costs – Costs vary depending on the amount of production of goods or services. e.g. music festivals
      • Economies of Scale – Costs go down as the amount of goods are ordered or produced.
      • Economies of Scope – Costs go down due to incorporating other businesses which have a direct relation to the original product.
  • Revenue Streams: The way a company makes income from each customer segment. Several ways to generate a revenue stream:
    • Asset Sale – (the most common type) Selling ownership rights to a physical good. e.g. retail corporations
    • Usage Fee – Money generated from the use of a particular service. e.g. UPS
    • Subscription Fees – Revenue generated by selling access to a continuous service. e.g. Netflix
    • Lending/Leasing/Renting – Giving exclusive right to an asset for a particular period of time. e.g. Leasing a Car
    • Licensing – Revenue generated from charging for the use of a protected intellectual property.
    • Brokerage Fees – Revenue generated from an intermediate service between 2 parties. e.g. Broker selling a house for commission
    • Advertising – Revenue generated from charging fees for product advertising.

Application[edit]

The Business Model Canvas can be printed out on a large surface so groups of people can jointly start sketching and discussing business model elements with post-it note notes or board markers. It is a hands-on tool that fosters understanding, discussion, creativity, and analysis.^[7] It is distributed under a Creative Commons license^[8] from Strategyzer AG and can be used without any restrictions for modeling businesses.

The Business Model Canvas is also available in web-based software format.

Alternative forms[edit]

The Business Model Canvas has been used and adapted to suit specific business scenarios and applications.^[9][10][11] Examples include:

Criticism[edit]

The Business Model Canvas was characterized as static because it does not capture changes in strategy or the evolution of the model.^[12] Some limits of the template are its focus on organizations and its consequent conceptual isolation from its environment, whether this is related to the industry structure^[13] or to stakeholders such as society and natural environment.^[14][15]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^Barquet, Ana Paula B., et al. 'Business model elements for product-service system'. Functional Thinking for Value Creation. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. 332–337: They stated that 'The Canvas business model was applied and tested in many organizations (eg IBM and Ericsson), being successfully used to easily describe and manipulate business models to create new strategic alternatives.'
2. ^De Reuver, Mark, Harry Bouwman, and Timber Haaker. 'Business model roadmapping: A practical approach to come from an existing to a desired business model'. International Journal of Innovation Management 17.01 (2013): They described the business model canvas as the 'Most prominent... popular tool that makes it simple for practitioners to design business models in a creative session.'
3. ^ ^abOsterwalder, Alexander; Pigneur, Yves; Clark, Tim (2010). Business Model Generation: A Handbook For Visionaries, Game Changers, and Challengers. Strategyzer series. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN9780470876411. OCLC648031756. With contributions from 470 practitioners from 45 countries.
4. ^Osterwalder, Alexander (2005-11-05). 'What is a business model?'. businessmodelalchemist.com. Retrieved 2019-06-19. A business model is nothing else than a representation of how an organization makes (or intends to make) money. This can be nicely described through the 9 building blocks illustrated in the graphic below, which we call 'business model canvas'.
5. ^ ^abOsterwalder, Alexander (2004). The Business Model Ontology: A Proposition In A Design Science Approach(PDF) (Ph.D. thesis). Lausanne: University of Lausanne. OCLC717647749. See also: Osterwalder, Alexander; Pigneur, Yves; Tucci, Christopher L. (2005). 'Clarifying business models: origins, present, and future of the concept'. Communications of the Association for Information Systems. 16 (1): 1. doi:10.17705/1CAIS.01601.
6. ^Osterwalder, Alexander (2008-07-02). 'What is a business model?'. business-model-design.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 2008-09-06. Retrieved 2018-10-17.
7. ^'Business Models: Do the right thing'. blog.bizzdesign.com. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-28.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
8. ^'Can I use the Business Model Canvas or Value Proposition Canvas in my own teachings or public projects?'. support.strategyzer.com. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
9. ^'Business Model Canvas for User Experience'. grasshopperherder.com. 2012-06-19. Retrieved 2012-06-20.
10. ^'Lean Model Canvas vs. Business Model Canvas'. practicetrumpstheory.com. Archived from the original on 2014-04-26. Retrieved 2014-04-25.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
11. ^'Internal Communication Canvas'. eee.do. 2016-04-28. Retrieved 2016-05-28.
12. ^Sinkovics, Noemi; Sinkovics, Rudolf R.; Yamin, Mo (2014). 'The Role of Social Value Creation in Business Model Formulation at the Bottom of the Pyramid – Implications for MNEs?'. International Business Review. 23 (4): 692–707. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2013.12.004.
13. ^Nicola, S.; White, G. (2013). Towse, Ruth; Handka, Christian (eds.). 'Business Models'. in Handbook on the Digital Creative Economy. Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing: 45–56.
14. ^Bocken, N.M.P.; Rana, P.; Short, S.W. 'Value mapping for sustainable business thinking'. Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering. 32 (1): 67–81. doi:10.1080/21681015.2014.1000399.
15. ^Sparviero, Sergio (2019). 'The Case for a Socially Oriented Business Model Canvas: The Social Enterprise Model Canvas'. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship. 10 (2): 232–251. doi:10.1080/19420676.2018.1541011.

External links[edit]

• Media related to Business Model Canvas at Wikimedia Commons
• Alexander Osterwalder: Tools for Business Model Generation, a 53-minute video discussing the Business Model Canvas in detail. Stanford Entrepreneurship Corner, 26 January 2012

George IV (George Augustus Frederick; 12 August 1762 – 26 June 1830) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and King of Hanover following the death of his father, King George III, on 29 January 1820, until his own death ten years later. From 1811 until his accession, he served as regent during his father's final mental illness.

George IV was the eldest child of King George III and Queen Charlotte. He led an extravagant lifestyle that contributed to the fashions of the Regency era. He was a patron of new forms of leisure, style and taste. He commissioned John Nash to build the Royal Pavilion in Brighton and remodel Buckingham Palace, and Sir Jeffry Wyattville to rebuild Windsor Castle. George's charm and culture earned him the title 'the first gentleman of England', but his dissolute way of life and poor relationships with his parents and his wife, Caroline of Brunswick, earned him the contempt of the people and dimmed the prestige of the monarchy. He excluded Caroline from the coronation and asked the government to introduce the unpopular Pains and Penalties Bill in an unsuccessful attempt to divorce her.

George's ministers found his behaviour selfish, unreliable and irresponsible. At all times he was much under the influence of favourites.^[1] He did not provide national leadership in time of crisis, nor act as a role model for his people. Taxpayers were angry at his wasteful spending during the Napoleonic Wars. For most of his regency and reign, Lord Liverpool controlled the government as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Liverpool's government presided over Britain's ultimate victory, negotiated the peace settlement, and attempted to deal with the social and economic malaise that followed. After Liverpool's retirement, George was forced to accept Catholic emancipation despite opposing it. His only legitimate child, Princess Charlotte, died before him in 1817 and so he was succeeded by his younger brother, William.

• 8Titles, styles, honours, and arms
  • 8.2Honours

Early life[edit]

George was born at St James's Palace, London, on 12 August 1762, the first child of the British king George III and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. As the eldest son of a British sovereign, he automatically became Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay at birth; he was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester a few days later.^[2] On 18 September of the same year, he was baptised by Thomas Secker, Archbishop of Canterbury.^[3] His godparents were: his uncle Adolphus Frederick IV, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (for whom the Lord Chamberlain, William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire, stood proxy); his paternal great-uncle Prince William, Duke of Cumberland; and his grandmother, the Dowager Princess of Wales.^[4] George was a talented student, and quickly learned to speak French, German and Italian, in addition to his native English.^[5]

At the age of 18 the Prince of Wales was given a separate establishment, and in dramatic contrast with his prosaic, scandal-free father, threw himself with zest into a life of dissipation and wild extravagance involving heavy drinking and numerous mistresses and escapades. He was a witty conversationalist, drunk or sober, and showed good, but grossly expensive, taste in decorating his palace. The Prince of Wales turned 21 in 1783, and obtained a grant of £60,000 (equivalent to £7,095,000 today^[6]) from Parliament and an annual income of £50,000 (equivalent to £5,913,000 today^[6]) from his father. It was far too little for his needs – the stables alone cost £31,000 a year. He then established his residence in Carlton House, where he lived a profligate life.^[7] Animosity developed between the prince and his father, who desired more frugal behaviour on the part of the heir apparent. The King, a political conservative, was also alienated by the prince's adherence to Charles James Fox and other radically inclined politicians.^[8]

Soon after he reached the age of 21, the prince became infatuated with Maria Fitzherbert. She was a commoner (though granddaughter of a baronet), six years his elder, twice widowed, and a Roman Catholic.^[9] Nevertheless, the prince was determined to marry her. This was in spite of the Act of Settlement 1701, which barred the spouse of a Catholic from succeeding to the throne, and the Royal Marriages Act 1772, which prohibited his marriage without the King's consent.^[10]

Nevertheless, the couple went through a marriage ceremony on 15 December 1785 at her house in Park Street, Mayfair. Legally the union was void, as the King's consent was not granted (and never even requested).^[11] However, Fitzherbert believed that she was the prince's canonical and true wife, holding the law of the Church to be superior to the law of the State. For political reasons, the union remained secret and Fitzherbert promised not to reveal it.^[12]

The prince was plunged into debt by his exorbitant lifestyle. His father refused to assist him, forcing him to quit Carlton House and live at Fitzherbert's residence. In 1787, the prince's political allies proposed to relieve his debts with a parliamentary grant. The prince's relationship with Fitzherbert was suspected, and revelation of the illegal marriage would have scandalised the nation and doomed any parliamentary proposal to aid him. Acting on the prince's authority, the Whig leader Charles James Fox declared that the story was a calumny.^[13] Fitzherbert was not pleased with the public denial of the marriage in such vehement terms and contemplated severing her ties to the prince. He appeased her by asking another Whig, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, to restate Fox's forceful declaration in more careful words. Parliament, meanwhile, granted the prince £161,000 (equivalent to £20,095,000 today^[6]) to pay his debts and £60,000 (equivalent to £7,489,000 today^[6]) for improvements to Carlton House.^[5][14][15]

Regency crisis of 1788[edit]

In the summer of 1788 the King's mental health deteriorated, possibly as the result of the hereditary disease porphyria.^[16][17] He was nonetheless able to discharge some of his duties and to declare Parliament prorogued from 25 September to 20 November. During the prorogation he became deranged, posing a threat to his own life, and when Parliament reconvened in November the King could not deliver the customary speech from the throne during the State Opening of Parliament. Parliament found itself in an untenable position: according to long-established law it could not proceed to any business until the delivery of the King's Speech at a State Opening.^[13][18]

Although arguably barred from doing so, Parliament began debating a regency. In the House of Commons, Charles James Fox declared his opinion that the Prince of Wales was automatically entitled to exercise sovereignty during the King's incapacity. A contrasting opinion was held by the prime minister, William Pitt the Younger, who argued that, in the absence of a statute to the contrary, the right to choose a regent belonged to Parliament alone.^[19] He even stated that, without parliamentary authority 'the Prince of Wales had no more right ... to assume the government, than any other individual subject of the country.'^[20] Though disagreeing on the principle underlying a regency, Pitt agreed with Fox that the Prince of Wales would be the most convenient choice for a regent.^[13][18]

The Prince of Wales—though offended by Pitt's boldness—did not lend his full support to Fox's approach. The Prince of Wales's brother, Prince Frederick, Duke of York, declared that George would not attempt to exercise any power without previously obtaining the consent of Parliament.^[21] Following the passage of preliminary resolutions Pitt outlined a formal plan for the regency, suggesting that the powers of the Prince of Wales be greatly limited. Among other things, the Prince of Wales would not be able either to sell the King's property or to grant a peerage to anyone other than a child of the King. The Prince of Wales denounced Pitt's scheme, declaring it a 'project for producing weakness, disorder, and insecurity in every branch of the administration of affairs.'^[22] In the interests of the nation, both factions agreed to compromise.^[18]

A significant technical impediment to any Regency Bill involved the lack of a speech from the throne, which was necessary before Parliament could proceed to any debates or votes. The speech was normally delivered by the King, but could also be delivered by royal representatives known as Lords Commissioners; but no document could empower the Lords Commissioners to act unless the Great Seal of the Realm was affixed to it. The seal could not be legally affixed without the prior authorisation of the sovereign. Pitt and his fellow ministers ignored the last requirement and instructed the Lord Chancellor to affix the Great Seal without the King's consent, as the act of affixing the Great Seal in itself gave legal force to the bill. This legal fiction was denounced by Edmund Burke as 'forgery, fraud',^[23] a 'glaring falsehood',^[24] and as a 'palpable absurdity'.^[24] The Duke of York described the plan as 'unconstitutional and illegal.'^[22] Nevertheless, others in Parliament felt that such a scheme was necessary to preserve an effective government. Consequently, on 3 February 1789, more than two months after it had convened, Parliament was formally opened by an 'illegal' group of Lords Commissioners. The Regency Bill was introduced, but before it could be passed the King recovered. The King declared retroactively that the instrument authorising the Lords Commissioners to act was valid.^[13][18]

Marriage and mistresses[edit]

The Prince of Wales's debts continued to climb, and his father refused to aid him unless he married his cousin Princess Caroline of Brunswick.^[25] In 1795, the prince acquiesced; and they were married on 8 April 1795 at the Chapel Royal, St James's Palace. The marriage, however, was disastrous; each party was unsuited to the other. The two were formally separated after the birth of their only child, Princess Charlotte, in 1796, and remained separated thereafter. The Prince remained attached to Maria Fitzherbert for the rest of his life, despite several periods of estrangement.^[26]

George's mistresses included Mary Robinson, an actress who was bought off with a generous pension when she threatened to sell his letters to the newspapers;^[27]Grace Elliott, the divorced wife of a physician;^[28][29] and Frances Villiers, Countess of Jersey, who dominated his life for some years.^[26] In later life, his mistresses were the Marchioness of Hertford and the Marchioness Conyngham, who were both married to aristocrats.^[30]

George was rumoured to have fathered several illegitimate children. James Ord (born 1786)—who moved to the United States and became a Jesuit priest—was reportedly his son by Fitzherbert.^[31] The King, late in life, told a friend that he had a son who was a naval officer in the West Indies, whose identity has been tentatively established as Captain Henry A. F. Hervey (1786–1824), reportedly George's child by the songwriter Lady Anne Lindsay (later Barnard), a daughter of James Lindsay, 5th Earl of Balcarres.^[32] Other reported children include Major George Seymour Crole, the son of theatre manager's daughter Eliza Crole; William Hampshire, the son of publican's daughter Sarah Brown; and Charles 'Beau' Candy, the son of a Frenchwoman with that surname.^[33]Anthony Camp, Director of Research at the Society of Genealogists, has dismissed the claims that George IV was the father of Ord, Hervey, Hampshire and Candy as fictitious.^[34]

The problem of the Prince of Wales's debts, which amounted to the extraordinary sum of £630,000 (equivalent to £63,934,000 today^[6]) in 1795,^[35] was solved (at least temporarily) by Parliament. Being unwilling to make an outright grant to relieve these debts, it provided him an additional sum of £65,000 (equivalent to £6,596,000 today^[6]) per annum.^[36] In 1803, a further £60,000 (equivalent to £5,382,000 today^[6]) was added, and George's debts of 1795 were finally cleared in 1806, although the debts he had incurred since 1795 remained.^[15]

In 1804, a dispute arose over the custody of Princess Charlotte, which led to her being placed in the care of the King. It also led to a Parliamentary Commission of Enquiry into Princess Caroline's conduct after the Prince of Wales accused her of having an illegitimate son. The investigation cleared Caroline of the charge but still revealed her behaviour to have been extraordinarily indiscreet.^[37]

Regency[edit]

In late 1810, the King was once again overcome by his malady following the death of his youngest daughter, Princess Amelia. Parliament agreed to follow the precedent of 1788; without the King's consent, the Lord Chancellor affixed the Great Seal of the Realm to letters patent naming Lords Commissioners. The letters patent lacked the Royal Sign Manual, but were sealed by request of resolutions passed by both Houses of Parliament. The Lords Commissioners appointed by the letters patent, in the name of the King, then signified the granting of Royal Assent to a bill that became the Regency Act 1811. Parliament restricted some of the powers of the Prince Regent (as the Prince of Wales became known). The constraints expired one year after the passage of the Act.^[38] The Prince of Wales became Prince Regent on 5 February 1811.^[39]

The Regent let his ministers take full charge of government affairs, playing a far lesser role than his father. The principle that the prime minister was the person supported by a majority in the House of Commons, whether the king personally favoured him or not, became established.^[40] His governments, with little help from the Regent, presided over British policy. One of the most important political conflicts facing the country concerned Catholic emancipation, the movement to relieve Roman Catholics of various political disabilities. The Tories, led by Prime Minister Spencer Perceval, were opposed to Catholic emancipation, while the Whigs supported it. At the beginning of the Regency, the Prince of Wales was expected to support the Whig leader, Lord Grenville. He did not, however, immediately put Grenville and the Whigs into office. Influenced by his mother, he claimed that a sudden dismissal of the Tory government would exact too great a toll on the health of the King (a steadfast supporter of the Tories), thereby eliminating any chance of a recovery.^[41]

In 1812, when it appeared highly unlikely that the King would recover, the Prince of Wales again failed to appoint a new Whig administration. Instead, he asked the Whigs to join the existing ministry under Perceval. The Whigs, however, refused to co-operate because of disagreements over Catholic emancipation. Grudgingly, the Prince of Wales allowed Perceval to continue as Prime Minister.^[42]

On 11 May 1812, Perceval was assassinated by John Bellingham. The Prince Regent was prepared to reappoint all the members of the Perceval ministry under a new leader. The House of Commons formally declared its desire for a 'strong and efficient administration',^[43] so the Prince Regent then offered leadership of the government to Lord Wellesley and afterwards to Lord Moira. He doomed the attempts of both to failure, however, by forcing each to construct an all party ministry at a time when neither party wished to share power with the other. Possibly using the failure of the two peers as a pretext, the Prince Regent immediately reappointed the Perceval administration, with Lord Liverpool as Prime Minister.^[44]

The Tories, unlike Whigs such as Earl Grey, sought to continue the vigorous prosecution of the war in Continental Europe against the powerful and aggressive Emperor of the French, Napoleon I.^[45] An anti-French alliance, which included Russia, Prussia, Austria, Britain and several smaller countries, defeated Napoleon in 1814. In the subsequent Congress of Vienna, it was decided that the Electorate of Hanover, a state that had shared a monarch with Britain since 1714, would be raised to the Kingdom of Hanover. Napoleon returned from exile in 1815, but was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo by the Duke of Wellington, brother of Lord Wellesley.^[46]

During this period George took an active interest in matters of style and taste, and his associates such as the dandy Beau Brummell and the architect John Nash created the Regency style. In London Nash designed the Regency terraces of Regent's Park and Regent Street. George took up the new idea of the seaside spa and had the Brighton Pavilion developed as a fantastical seaside palace, adapted by Nash in the 'Indian Gothic' style inspired loosely by the Taj Mahal, with extravagant 'Indian' and 'Chinese' interiors.^[47]

Reign[edit]

When George III died in 1820, the Prince Regent, then aged 57, ascended the throne as George IV, with no real change in his powers.^[48] By the time of his accession, he was obese and possibly addicted to laudanum.^[5]

George IV's relationship with his wife Caroline had deteriorated by the time of his accession. They had lived separately since 1796, and both were having affairs. In 1814, Caroline left the United Kingdom for continental Europe, but she chose to return for her husband's coronation, and to publicly assert her rights as queen consort. However, he refused to recognise Caroline as Queen, and commanded British ambassadors to ensure that monarchs in foreign courts did the same. By royal command, Caroline's name was omitted from the Book of Common Prayer, the liturgy of the Church of England.^[49]

The King sought a divorce, but his advisors suggested that any divorce proceedings might involve the publication of details relating to the King's own adulterous relationships. Therefore, he requested and ensured the introduction of the Pains and Penalties Bill, under which Parliament could have imposed legal penalties without a trial in a court of law. The bill would have annulled the marriage and stripped Caroline of the title of Queen. The bill proved extremely unpopular with the public, and was withdrawn from Parliament. George decided, nonetheless, to exclude his wife from his coronation at Westminster Abbey, on 19 July 1821. Caroline fell ill that day and died on 7 August; during her final illness she often stated that she thought she had been poisoned.^[50]

George's coronation was a magnificent and expensive affair, costing about £243,000 (approximately £21,751,000 in 2019;^[6] for comparison, his father's coronation had only cost about £10,000, less than a twentieth of George IV's). Despite the enormous cost, it was a popular event.^[5] In 1821 the King became the first monarch to pay a state visit to Ireland since Richard II of England.^[51] The following year he visited Edinburgh for 'one and twenty daft days'.^[52] His visit to Scotland, organised by Sir Walter Scott, was the first by a reigning monarch since the mid-17th century.^[53]

George spent most of his later reign in seclusion at Windsor Castle,^[54] but he continued to intervene in politics. At first it was believed that he would support Catholic emancipation, as he had proposed a Catholic Emancipation Bill for Ireland in 1797, but his anti-Catholic views became clear in 1813 when he privately canvassed against the ultimately defeated Catholic Relief Bill of 1813. By 1824 he was denouncing Catholic emancipation in public.^[55] Having taken the coronation oath on his accession, George now argued that he had sworn to uphold the Protestant faith, and could not support any pro-Catholic measures.^[56] The influence of the Crown was so great, and the will of the Tories under Prime Minister Liverpool so strong, that Catholic emancipation seemed hopeless. In 1827, however, Liverpool retired, to be replaced by the pro-emancipation Tory George Canning. When Canning entered office, the King, hitherto content with privately instructing his ministers on the Catholic Question, thought it fit to make a public declaration to the effect that his sentiments on the question were those of his revered father, George III.^[57]

Canning's views on the Catholic Question were not well received by the most conservative Tories, including the Duke of Wellington. As a result, the ministry was forced to include Whigs.^[58] Canning died later in that year, leaving Lord Goderich to lead the tenuous Tory-Whig coalition. Goderich left office in 1828, to be succeeded by Wellington, who had by that time accepted that the denial of some measure of relief to Roman Catholics was politically untenable.^[59][60] George was never as friendly with Wellington as he had been with Canning and chose to annoy the Duke by pretending to have fought at Waterloo disguised as a German general. With great difficulty Wellington obtained the King's consent to the introduction of a Catholic Relief Bill on 29 January 1829. Under pressure from his fanatically anti-Catholic brother, the Duke of Cumberland, the King withdrew his approval and in protest the Cabinet resigned en masse on 4 March. The next day the King, now under intense political pressure, reluctantly agreed to the Bill and the ministry remained in power.^[5]Royal Assent was finally granted to the Catholic Relief Act on 13 April.^[61]

Decline and death[edit]

George's heavy drinking and indulgent lifestyle had taken their toll on his health by the late 1820s. While still Prince of Wales, he had become obese through his huge banquets and copious consumption of alcohol, making him the target of ridicule on the rare occasions that he appeared in public;^[62] by 1797 his weight had reached 17 stone 7 pounds (111 kg; 245 lb).^[63] By 1824, his corset was made for a waist of 50 inches (130 cm).^[64] He suffered from gout, arteriosclerosis, peripheral edema ('dropsy'), and possibly porphyria. In his last years, he spent whole days in bed and suffered spasms of breathlessness that would leave him half-asphyxiated.^[5]

By December 1828, like his father, George was almost completely blind from cataracts, and was suffering from such severe gout in his right hand and arm that he could no longer sign documents.^[65] In mid-1829, Sir David Wilkie reported the King 'was wasting away frightfully day after day', and had become so obese that he looked 'like a great sausage stuffed into the covering'.^[65] The King took laudanum to counteract severe bladder pains, which left him in a drugged and mentally handicapped state for days on end.^[66] He underwent surgery to remove a cataract in September 1829, by which time he was regularly taking over 100 drops of laudanum before state occasions.^[67]

By the spring of 1830, George's imminent end was apparent. Now largely confined to his bedchambers, having completely lost sight in one eye and describing himself 'as blind as a beetle', he was forced to approve legislation with a stamp of his signature in the presence of witnesses.^[68] His weight was recorded to be 20 stone (130 kg; 280 lb).^[69] Attacks of breathlessness due to dropsy forced him to sleep upright in a chair, and doctors frequently tapped his abdomen to drain excess fluid.^[66] Despite his obvious decline, George was admired for clinging doggedly to life.^[70] His will to live and still-prodigious appetite astonished observers; in April 1830, the Duke of Wellington wrote the King had consumed for breakfast 'a Pidgeon and Beef Steak Pye...Three parts of a bottle of Mozelle, a Glass of Dry Champagne, two Glasses of Port [and] a Glass of Brandy', followed by a large dose of laudanum.^[68] Writing to Maria Fitzherbert in June, the King's doctor, Sir Henry Halford, noted 'His Majesty's constitution is a gigantic one, and his elasticity under the most severe pressure exceeds what I have ever witnessed in thirty-eight years' experience.'^[71] Though George had been under Halford's care since the time of the Regency, the doctor's social ambitions and perceived lack of competence were strongly criticised, with The Lancet labelling Halford's bulletins on the King's health as 'utterly and entirely destitute of information', subsequently characterising Halford's treatment of George, which involved administering both opium and laudanum as sedatives, as appearing to lack sense or direction.^[72]

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George dictated his will in May and became very devout in his final months, confessing to an archdeacon that he repented of his dissolute life, but hoped mercy would be shown to him as he had always tried to do the best for his subjects.^[66] By June, he was unable to lie down, and received the Sacrament on 14 June in the presence of Lady Conyngham, Halford and a clergyman.^[71] While Halford only informed the Cabinet on 24 June that 'the King's cough continues with considerable expectoration,' he privately told his wife that 'things are coming to a conclusion...I shall be released about Monday.'^[73]

At about three in the morning of 26 June 1830 at Windsor Castle, George awoke and passed a bowel movement – 'a large evacuation mix'd with blood.'^[73] He then sent for Halford, allegedly calling to his servants 'Sir Henry! Sir Henry! Fetch him; this is death!'^[73] Accounts of George's final moments and last words vary. According to Halford, following his arrival and that of Sir William Knighton, the King's 'lips grew livid, and he dropped his head on the page's shoulder...I was up the stairs in five minutes, and he died but eight minutes afterwards.'^[73] Other accounts state the King placed his hands on his stomach and said 'Surely, this must be death,' or that he called out 'Good God, what is this?', clasped his page's hand, said 'my boy, this is death', and died.^[74] George died at 3:15 a.m.^[73] An autopsy conducted by his physicians revealed George had died from upper gastrointestinal bleeding resulting from the rupture of a blood vessel in his stomach.^[75] A large tumour 'the size of an orange' was found attached to his bladder; his heart was enlarged, had heavily calcified valves and was surrounded by a large fat deposit.^[75]

The King was buried in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on 15 July.^[76] His only legitimate child, Charlotte, had died from post-partum complications in 1817, after delivering a stillborn son. His oldest brother, George III's second son Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, had died childless in 1827, so the succession passed to the third son of George III, Prince William, Duke of Clarence, who reigned as William IV.^[77]

Legacy[edit]

George's last years were marked by increasing physical and mental decay and withdrawal from public affairs. Privately a senior aide to the King confided to his diary: 'A more contemptible, cowardly, selfish, unfeeling dog does not exist ... There have been good and wise kings but not many of them ... and this I believe to be one of the worst.'^[1] On his death The Times captured elite opinion succinctly: 'There never was an individual less regretted by his fellow-creatures than this deceased king. What eye has wept for him? What heart has heaved one throb of unmercenary sorrow? ... If he ever had a friend – a devoted friend in any rank of life – we protest that the name of him or her never reached us.'^[78] George was described as the 'First Gentleman of England' on account of his style and manners.^[79] He was bright, clever, and knowledgeable, but his laziness and gluttony led him to squander much of his talent. The Times wrote, he would always prefer 'a girl and a bottle to politics and a sermon'.^[80]

The Regency period saw a shift in fashion that was largely determined by George. After political opponents put a tax on wig powder, he abandoned wearing a powdered wig in favour of natural hair.^[81] He wore darker colours than had been previously fashionable as they helped to disguise his size, favoured pantaloons and trousers over knee breeches because they were looser, and popularised a high collar with neck cloth because it hid his double chin.^[82] His visit to Scotland in 1822 led to the revival, if not the creation, of Scottish tartan dress as it is known today.^[83]

During the political crisis caused by Catholic emancipation, the Duke of Wellington said that George was 'the worst man he ever fell in with his whole life, the most selfish, the most false, the most ill-natured, the most entirely without one redeeming quality',^[84] but his eulogy delivered in the House of Lords called George 'the most accomplished man of his age' and praised his knowledge and talent.^[85] Wellington's true feelings probably lie somewhere between these two extremes; as he said later, George was 'a magnificent patron of the arts ... the most extraordinary compound of talent, wit, buffoonery, obstinacy, and good feeling—in short a medley of the most opposite qualities, with a great preponderance of good—that I ever saw in any character in my life.'^[85]

There are many statues of George IV, a large number of which were erected during his reign. In the United Kingdom, they include a bronze statue of him on horseback by Sir Francis Chantrey in Trafalgar Square.^[86]

In Edinburgh, 'George IV Bridge' is a main street linking the Old Town High Street to the north over the ravine of the Cowgate, designed by the architect Thomas Hamilton in 1829 and completed in 1835. King's Cross, now a major transport hub sitting on the border of Camden and Islington in north London, takes its name from a short-lived monument erected to George IV in the early 1830s.^[87] A square and a neighbouring park in St Luke's, Islington, are also named after George IV.^[88]

Titles, styles, honours, and arms[edit]

Titles and styles[edit]

• 12 August 1762 – 19 August 1762: His Royal Highness The Duke of Cornwall
• 19 August 1762 – 5 February 1811: His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales
• 5 February 1811 – 29 January 1820: His Royal Highness The Prince Regent
• 29 January 1820 – 26 June 1830: His Majesty The King

At birth, he was also entitled to the dignities Prince of Great Britain and Ireland, Electoral Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Duke of Rothesay.^[89] Under the Act of Parliament that instituted the regency, the prince's formal title as regent was 'Regent of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland'.^[90]

Honours[edit]

British honours[edit]

• 26 December 1765: Knight of the Garter^[89]
• 21 November 1783: Privy Counsellor^[89]
• 26 January 1789: Fellow of the Royal Society^[89]
• 2 May 1810: Doctor of Civil Law, University of Oxford^[89]

Foreign honours[edit]

• Russia:
  • 25 November 1813: Knight of St Andrew^[89]
  • 20 April 1814: Knight of St Alexander Nevski^[89]
• Kingdom of France: 20 April 1814: Knight of the Holy Spirit^[89]
• Denmark: 4 July 1815: Knight of the Elephant^[91]
• Austrian Empire: July 1815: Knight of the Golden Fleece^[89]
• Netherlands: 27 November 1818: Grand Cross of the Military William Order^[92]

Military appointments[edit]

• 1782: Colonel, British Army^[89]
• 1796–1820: Colonel of the 10th Light Dragoons^[89]

Arms[edit]

George's coat of arms as the Prince of Wales was the royal arms (with an inescutcheon of Gules plain in the Hanoverian quarter), differenced by a label of three points Argent.^[93] The arms included the royal crest and supporters but with the single arched coronet of his rank, all charged on the shoulder with a similar label. His arms followed the change in the royal arms in 1801, when the Hanoverian quarter became an inescutcheon and the French quarter was dropped altogether.^[94] The 1816 alteration did not affect him as it only applied to the arms of the King.^[95]

As king his arms were those of his two kingdoms, the United Kingdom and Hanover, superimposed: Quarterly, I and IV Gules three lions passant guardant in paleOr (for England); II Or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland); overall an escutcheon tierced in pall reversed (for Hanover), I Gules two lions passant guardant Or (for Brunswick), II Or a semy of hearts Gules a lion rampant Azure (for Lüneburg), III Gules a horse courant Argent (for Westphalia), overall an inescutcheon Gules charged with the crown of Charlemagne Or, the whole escutcheon surmounted by a crown.^[96]

• Coat of Arms from 1762 to 1801 as Prince of Wales

• Coat of Arms from 1801 to 1820 as Prince of Wales and Prince Regent

• Coat of arms of King George IV

• Coat of arms of King George IV (in Scotland)

Ancestry[edit]

Notes and sources[edit]

Business Planning Manual By Jorge Cuyugan Alexander City

1. ^ ^abBaker, Kenneth (2005). 'George IV: a Sketch'. History Today. 55 (10): 30–36.
2. ^Smith, E. A., p. 1
3. ^Smith, E. A., p. 2
4. ^Hibbert, George IV: Prince of Wales 1762–1811, p. 2
5. ^ ^abcdefHibbert, Christopher (2004). 'George IV (1762–1830)'. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press.
6. ^ ^abcdefghUK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). 'The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)'. MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
7. ^Smith, E. A., pp. 25–28
8. ^Smith, E. A., p. 48
9. ^Smith, E. A., p. 33
10. ^Parissien, p. 64
11. ^Smith, E. A., pp. 36–38
12. ^David, pp. 57–91
13. ^ ^abcdInnes, Arthur Donald (1914). A History of England and the British Empire, Vol. 3. The MacMillan Company. pp. 396–397.
14. ^De-la-Noy, p. 31
15. ^ ^abMarilyn Morris, 'Princely Debt, Public Credit, and Commercial Values in Late Georgian Britain.' Journal of British Studies 2004 43(3): 339–365
16. ^Röhl, J. C. G.; Warren, M.; Hunt, D. (1998). Purple Secret. Bantam Press.
17. ^Peters, T. J.; Wilkinson, D. (2010). 'King George III and porphyria: a clinical re-examination of the historical evidence'. History of Psychiatry. 21 (81 Pt 1): 3–19. doi:10.1177/0957154X09102616. PMID21877427.
18. ^ ^abcdDavid, pp. 92–119
19. ^Smith, E. A., p. 54
20. ^Derry, p. 71
21. ^Derry, p. 91
22. ^ ^abMay, Thomas Erskine (1896). The Constitutional History of England Since the Accession of George the Third, 1760–1860 (11th ed.). London: Longmans, Green and Co. chapter III pp. 184–195.
23. ^Derry, p. 181
24. ^ ^abDerry, p. 109
25. ^Smith, E. A., p. 70
26. ^ ^abDavid, pp. 150–205
27. ^Parissien, p. 60
28. ^Major, Joanne; Murden, Sarah (2016), An infamous mistress : the life, loves and family of the celebrated Grace Dalrymple Elliott, Pen & Sword History, ISBN1473844835
29. ^Hibbert, George IV: Prince of Wales 1762–1811, p. 18
30. ^Hibbert, George IV: Regent and King 1811–1830, p. 214
31. ^David, pp. 76–78
32. ^David, p. 78
33. ^David, p. 80
34. ^Camp, Anthony J. (2007) Royal Mistresses and Bastards: Fact and Fiction 1714–1936, ISBN978-0-9503308-2-2
35. ^De-la-Noy, p. 55
36. ^Smith, E. A., p. 97
37. ^Ashley, Mike (1998). The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens. London: Robinson. p. 684. ISBN1-84119-096-9.
38. ^Innes, Arthur Donald (1915). A History of England and the British Empire, Vol. 4. The MacMillan Company. p. 50.
39. ^'No. 16451'. The London Gazette. 5 February 1811. p. 227.
40. ^Bagehot, Walter (1872) The English constitution, p. 247
41. ^Parissien, p. 185
42. ^Smith, E. A., pp. 141–142
43. ^Smith, E. A., p. 144
44. ^Smith, E. A., p. 145
45. ^Smith, E. A., p.146
46. ^Parissien, pp. 264–281
47. ^Rutherford, Jessica M. F. (1995). The Royal Pavilion: The Palace of George IV. Brighton Borough Council. p. 81. ISBN0-948723-21-1.
48. ^Innes, Arthur Donald (1915). A History of England and the British Empire, Vol. 4. The MacMillan Company. p. 81.
49. ^Parissien, pp. 209–224
50. ^Innes, Arthur Donald (1915). A History of England and the British Empire, Vol. 4. The MacMillan Company. p. 82.
51. ^De-la-Noy, p. 95
52. ^Prebble, John (2000). The King's Jaunt: George IV in Scotland, 1822. Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited. ISBN1-84158-068-6.
53. ^Parissien, pp. 316–323
54. ^'King George IV'. Official website of the British monarchy. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
55. ^Parissien, p. 189
56. ^Smith, E. A., p. 238
57. ^Hibbert, George IV: Regent and King 1811–1830, p. 292
58. ^Smith, E. A., pp. 231–234
59. ^Parissien, p. 190
60. ^Smith, E. A., p. 237
61. ^Parissien, p. 381
62. ^Parissien, p. 355
63. ^De-la-Noy, p. 43
64. ^Parissien, p. 171
65. ^ ^abSmith, E. A., pp. 266–267
66. ^ ^abcSmith, E. A., p. 269
67. ^Parissien, p. 4
68. ^ ^abParissien, p. 3
69. ^Baker, Kenneth (2005). George IV: a life in caricature. Hudson and Thames. p. 202. ISBN978-0-500-25127-0.
70. ^Smith, E. A., p. 270
71. ^ ^abParissien, p. 6
72. ^Parissien, pp. 5–6
73. ^ ^abcdeParissien, pp. 7–8
74. ^De-la-Noy, p. 103; Parissien, pp. 7–8; Smith, E. A., p. 271
75. ^ ^abSmith, E. A., p. 275
76. ^Hibbert, George IV: Regent and King 1811–1830, p. 336
77. ^Innes, Arthur Donald (1915). A History of England and the British Empire, Vol. 4. The MacMillan Company. p. 105.
78. ^The Times (London) 15 July 1830 quoted in Hibbert, George IV: Regent and King 1811–1830, p. 342
79. ^The Diary of Prince Pückler-Muskau (May 1828). Quoted in Parissien, p.420
80. ^Clarke, John (1975). 'George IV'. The Lives of the Kings and Queens of England. Knopf: 225.
81. ^Parissien, p. 112
82. ^Parissien, p. 114
83. ^Parissien, pp. 324–326
84. ^Hibbert, George IV: Regent and King 1811–1830, p. 310
85. ^ ^abHibbert, George IV: Regent and King 1811–1830, p. 344
86. ^Parissien, pp. 14, 162–163, 201, 277
87. ^'Camden's history'. Camden Council. Archived from the original on 6 March 2007. Retrieved 5 March 2007.
88. ^'History'. St Clement's Church, King Square. Archived from the original on 24 February 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
89. ^ ^abcdefghijkCokayne, G. E. (1910). Gibbs, Vicary (ed.). The complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom. 4. London: St Catherine's Press. pp. 450–451.
90. ^Hibbert, George IV: Prince of Wales 1762–1811, p. 280
91. ^Jørgen Pedersen (2009). Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 207. ISBN978-87-7674-434-2.
92. ^'Militaire Willems-Orde: Wales, George Augustus Frederick, Prince of' [Military William Order: Wales, George Augustus Frederick, Prince of]. Ministerie van Defensie (in Dutch). Retrieved 12 March 2016.
93. ^Francois R. Velde. 'Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family'. Heraldica. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
94. ^'No. 15324'. The London Gazette. 30 December 1800. p. 2.
95. ^Pinches, John Harvey; Pinches, Rosemary (1974). The Royal Heraldry of England. Heraldry Today. Slough, Buckinghamshire: Hollen Street Press. pp. 228–229. ISBN0-900455-25-X.
96. ^'No. 17149'. The London Gazette. 29 June 1816. p. 1237.
97. ^Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 5.

References and further reading[edit]

• Baker, Kenneth (2005). 'George IV: a Sketch'. History Today. 55 (10): 30–36.
• Baker, Kenneth (2005). George IV: A Life in Caricature. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN0-500-25127-4.
• David, Saul (2000). Prince of Pleasure: The Prince of Wales and the Making of the Regency. Grove Press. ISBN0-8021-3703-2.
• De-la-Noy, Michael (1998). George IV. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing. ISBN0-7509-1821-7.
• Derry, John W. (1963). The Regency Crisis and the Whigs. Cambridge University Press.
• Hibbert, Christopher (1972). George IV, Prince of Wales, 1762–1811. London: Longman. ISBN0-582-12675-4.
• Hibbert, Christopher (1973). George IV, Regent and King, 1811–1830. London: Allen Lane. ISBN0-7139-0487-9.
• Hibbert, Christopher (2008) [2004]. 'George IV (1762–1830)'. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
• Machin, G. I. T. (1964). The Catholic Question in English Politics 1820 to 1830. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Parissien, Steven (2001). George IV: The Grand Entertainment. London: John Murray. ISBN0-7195-5652-X.
• Priestley, J. B. (1969). The Prince of Pleasure and His Regency (1811–20). London: Heinemann. ISBN978-0-434-60357-2.
• Smith, E. A. (1999). George IV. Yale University Press. ISBN0-300-07685-1.
• Smith, E. A. (2008) [2004]. 'Caroline (1768–1821)'. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.).(subscription or UK public library membership required)

External links[edit]

• George IV at the Encyclopædia Britannica
• Portraits of King George IV at the National Portrait Gallery, London

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